Fig. 13. A: Right-sided carotid–cavernous fistula following head trauma. The right eye demonstrated pulsating exophthalmos with subjective and objective bruits. B: Close-up of the right eye with the lid elevated shows chemosis and arterialized conjunctival vessels. C: Left-sided carotid–cavernous fistula in a young man after a gunshot wound to the base of the skull. In addition to chemosis shown, there was a loud bruit over the forehead and involvement of left cranial nerves II through XII.