Fig. 15 Opening is created in epiretinal membrane with tip of bent blade. Dissection is performed over small retinal vessel to guard against creating a retinal hole. Arrow shows area of maximum vascular shadowing, which identifies area of greatest elevation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. (Margherio RR: Epiretinal macular membranes. In Albert R, Jakobiec EA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, Vol. 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993:919–925)