Fig. 25. Scanning electron micrograph (1,000×) of the endothelium after perfusion with calcium free irrigating solutions after 30 minutes. Without calcium, endothelial cells round up into small mounds as the intercellular junctions become disrupted, resulting in exposure of large areas of Descemet's membrane, loss of barrier function, and corneal swelling. E, endothelial cells; ES, extracellular space. Bar = 10 μm.