Objectives: To describe the prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in a representative sample of 3 to 6-year-old from Yuhua District, Nanjing, China.

Methods: Five thousand eight hundred eligible children in 29 kindergartens were identified. Paticipants’ parents were asked to complete a comprehensive 117-item questionnaire. The kindergartens were scheduled for a comprehensive eye examination and in-clinic interview, if necessary. Cover testing was performed at near and distance fixation with spectacles if worn. Visual acuity was measured in both eyes with spectacle if worn.

Results: Strabismus was diagnosed in 335 children (5.78% of the population). 40 children (0.69%) had esotropia. 280 children (4.83%) had exotropia. In the latter, 82 children (29.29%) had constant exotropia, while 198 children (70.71%) had intermittent exotropia. 1 child had pure hypertropia, 5 children had DVD (pure and combined), and 6 children had pure Ⅳ cranial nerve palsy. 39 children (0.67%) were diagnosed with amblyopia. 26 children (0.45%) had unilateral amblyopia. Among them, 19 children had unilateral anisometropic amblyopia, 3 children had unilateral strabismic amblyopia, and 2 children had unilateral deprivational amblyopia. 13 children (0.22%) had bilateral amblyopia.