Subject Index

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Chapters in boldface indicate a major discussion of a topic.

Please also note that due to the impressive size of this index it was necessary to break it down in to smaller groups. The Alphabet above will take you to any letter you please and the grouping of letters is indicated by spaces between the letters.

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Subject Index M
Macbeth illuminometer, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
Macroaneurysm, arterial, photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
retinal arterial, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 10) 
clinical presentation, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 10) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 10) 
fluorescein angiographic appearance, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 10) 
funduscopic appearance, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 10) 
Macroaneurysms, retinal, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113C) 
Macroglobulinemia
platelet dysfunction in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 23) 
Macrophage(s), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 25) See also Phagocytosis
in cytologic examination, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Macrophages, in immune response, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 34) 
cell-mediated immunity, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) 
Macroprolactinomas, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
Macropsia, metamorphopsia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Macroreticular dystrophy of retinal pigment epithelium, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Macula, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 1) 
in Alport’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
beaten-bronze appearance
in progressive cone-rod dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
in Stargardt’s disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
branch vein occlusion, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
cone degeneration, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
degeneration. (See Macular degeneration)
cystoid, after blunt trauma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
macular dystrophies and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
detachment
in papillorenal syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
temporal pits and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
disease, acquired, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F ) 
dystrophies
dominant cystoid, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
hereditary. (See Hereditary macular dystrophies)
edema, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
clinically significant, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
cystoid. (See Cystoid macular edema; Irvine-Gass syndrome)
photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
radiation-induced, photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
in retinal vein occlusion, branch, photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
edema. (See Edema, macular)
edema of, cystoid, retained lens fragments and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 65) 
function, testing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
in sickle cell maculopathy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
graying, disorders with, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
heterotopia, vitrectomy in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
in histoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 48) 
holes, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 21)  (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 61)  (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 11) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
after blunt trauma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F) 
full-thickness, vitreous surgery for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 61) 
histopathology of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 21) 
natural history of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 21) 
optical coherence tomography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 107) 
retinal detachments associated with, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 61) 
vitreous traction and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 61) 
hypoplasia, in albinism, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
metabolic diseases involving, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) 
neuroretinopathy, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 57) 
pseudocysts, hereditary, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
pseudoholes, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F) 
puckering, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) See also Epiretinal membranes
after scleral buckling, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 59) 
in retinal vein occlusion, branch, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
rotation, perfluorocarbon liquids in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 54) 
serous detachment, secondary to optic nerve pit, optical coherence tomography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 107) 
in serpiginous choroiditis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 57) 
small vessel occlusions in sickle cell disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
translocation surgery, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
Macular degeneration, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
age-related
blindness in, 5–7, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 53) 
choroidal neovascular membranes in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
pathophysiology of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 31) 
photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
photodynamic therapy for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 63) 
prophylactic treatment for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
aphakic correction, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68) 
contrast sensitivity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
indocyanine green angiography, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 4A) 
intraocular lenses in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68) 
polymorphic, of Braley, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
senile (aging), (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
choroidal degeneration and, atrophy and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 66) 
choroidal neovascular membranes, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 62) 
indocyanine green angiography, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 4A) 
light toxicity and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 37) 
subfoveal membrane removal, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 62) 
ultraviolet radiation and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 55) 
Macular dystrophy(ies)
hereditary, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 63) 
benign concentric annular, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
central areolar
pigment epithelial, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
central pigmentary, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
central pigmentary sheen, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
cystoid macular edema, dominantly inherited, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
differential diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
dominant drusen of Bruch’s membrane, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113B) 
dominant slowly progressive, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113B) 
foveal retinoschisis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
foveomacular, adult type, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
macular degeneration and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
Stargardt’s disease and fundus flavimaculatus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
North Carolina, molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
Macular epiretinal membranes, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Macular function, tests of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Macular grid photocoagulation, in diabetes mellitus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 18) 
Macular hypoplasia, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Macular translocation, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 68) 
Macula-splitting homonymous hemianopia, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Maculopathy
bull’s eye
in fenestrated sheen macular dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
in progressive cone-rod dystrophies, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 19) 
cellophane. (See Epiretinal membranes)
diabetic, ischemic, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
Goldmann-Favre. (See Goldmann-Favre syndrome)
idiopathic, acute, unilateral, in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
myopic, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F) 
photic, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F) 
sickle cell, macular function testing in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
stellate, Leber’s, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
trauma-related, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113F) 
Valsalva, labor and delivery and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
MAD (minimum angle of detection), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Maeder and Danis, deep filiform dystrophy of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 16) 
Magnesium fluoride, as antireflection coating, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Magnetic resonance angiography, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
in carotid artery disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
Magnetic resonance imaging, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25)  (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 35 ) 
acoustic neuroma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
in acute retinal necrosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28) 
in arachnoidal cysts, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
in Brown syndrome, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
in capillary hemangioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
in chiasmal syndromes, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
radiation-induced, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
clinical applications, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25 ) 
contrast resolution, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
extrinsic factors, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
intrinsic factors, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
in Duane retraction syndrome, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
fat suppression techniques, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
fundamental principles, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
future applications, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
gradient coils in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
of intracranial structures, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
in multiple sclerosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in optic atrophy, in Wolfram’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in optic nerve disease, acquired, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in optic neuritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
of orbit, lymphoma, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
in pachymeningitis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
patient preparation, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
physical principles, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25 ) 
in pituitary tumors, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
of proptosis, in children, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
pseudo-CSF signal, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 42) 
radio-frequency waves in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
spatial resolution, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
of superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
in toxoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 46) 
T1 time constant, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
T2 time constant, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
vestibular system assessment, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
Magnification reserve, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 51) 
Magnifiers
Fresnel lenses for near vision, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 52) 
Magnitude, of stars, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
Magnocellular lateral geniculate nucleus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 19) 
Magnocellular lateral geniculate nucleus layers, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
Mainzer-Saldino syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Major amblyoscope test. See Amblyoscope, major
Major basic protein, in inflammation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 34) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 47) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 25) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
diseases associated with specific HLA antigens and, (2) 38: 10
Behcet’s syndrome, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
birdshot chorioretinopathy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
glaucomatocyclitic crisis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
HLA-B27-associated, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
ophthalmic diseases without demonstrable HLA associations, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
genetic organization and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
HLA and disease associations and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
HLA antigen biochemistry and structure and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
HLA antigen distribution and function and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
class I antigens and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
class II antigens and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
HLA antigen typing and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
immune response genes and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
inflammation and, 2, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 3) 
mechanisms of HLA disease associations and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
nomenclature and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
allelic polymorphism and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
antigen splits and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
class III antigens and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
cross-reactive groups and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
public and private antigens and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
transplantation immunology and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), chlamydial infections and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 77) 
Malassezia furfur, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 54) 
Malattia-leventinese, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Malformation(s). See Chromosomal abnormalities; Congenital abnormalities; specific type
Malherbe calcifying epithelioma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Malignant atrophic papulosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 27) 
Malignant exophthalmos. See Thyroid function
Malignant external otitis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
Malignant glaucoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 19) See Glaucoma, malignant
muscarinic antagonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Malignant hemangioendothelioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Malignant hypertension, 2, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Malignant hyperthermia (MH), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
Malignant-like glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
Malignant melanoma. See See Melanoma; Melanoma, malignant
Malignant reticulosis, midline, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Malignant transformation, viral infection and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 85) 
Malnutrition. See also Vitamins, deficiency
optic neuropathies and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Malpractice, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
MALT (mucous membrane-associated tissue), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 26) 
Mandibulofacial dysostosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 58) See Treacher–Collins syndrome
Mannitol
after orbital surgery, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
contraindications to, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
intraoperative administration of, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Mannosidase deficiency, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
Mantle cell lymphoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
Mantoux test, in tuberculosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
Manual localization, in blindsight, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Manual perimetry, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) See Goldmann perimetry
MAO inhibitors, in migraine prophylaxis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 16) 
superficial keratectomy in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 28) 
Maple syrup urine disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19 ) 
Marantic endocarditis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 22) 
Marble bone disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
Marchesani syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
Marchesani syndrome. See Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Marcus Gunn (jaw-winking) ptosis (MGJWP), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Duane retraction syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
Marcus Gunn jaw-winking synkineses, 29–32
Marcus-Gunn pupillary test for afferent pupil defect, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome, Duane retraction syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
Marginal utility
diminishing, law of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 69) 
total utility and, 3, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 69) 
Marie-Strumpell disease. See Ankylosing spondylitis
Marihuana, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, cataract in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Mariotte blind spot, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
MAR (minimum angle of resolution), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Marshall-Stickler syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Marshall syndrome, cataract in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Martegiani, area of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Martial arts, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Masseter muscle rigidity, and spasm, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Mast cell stabilizers
Maternal screening, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
Matrix-degrading enzymes, sclera, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 23) 
Matrix metalloproteinases, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 28) 
aqueous outflow facility, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 45) 
Mattering, neonatal, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) 
Mattress suture, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
Maxillary bone, 2, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
Maxwell equations, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Mazzotti reaction, onchocerciasis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 62) 
MD. See Myotonic dystrophy (MD)
Mean circulation time, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Measles, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 33) See Rubella; Rubeola
conjunctivitis in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 7) 
German. (See Rubella)
Measurements, ocular, historical aspects of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
Mecamylamine, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Mechanical acquired ptosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Mechanical debridement. See Debridement
Mechanical forces, contact lens complications due to, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
Mechanical trauma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 1) 
Meclofenamate, for migraine, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Mectizan. See Ivermectin
Medial anterior orbitotomies, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
frontoethmoidal medial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transconjunctival medial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
Medial canthal ligament, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Medial canthal tendon, eyelid anatomy and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 72) 
Medial canthopexy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 110) 
Medial commissure, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Medial longitudina fasciculus, rostral interstitial nucleus of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
lesions of, horizontal gaze in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
rostral interstitial nucleus of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
eye movements and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
Medial orbitotomy. See Orbitotomy
Medial palpebral artery, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Median forehead flap, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 88) 
Media opacities. See See Cataract(s); Cornea, opacities; Opacities, media; Vitreous, opacities
Medical ethics. See also Ethics
Medical history. See History taking
Medical longitudinal fasciculus, lesions of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Medical surveillance, eye examinations for, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
Medical vestibular nuclei (MVN), lesions involving, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Medicamentosa, ocular, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 7) 
Medication-overuse headache, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Medicine, preventive, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
Mediterranean fever, familial, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Medium, refractive index and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Medulla, lesions of, effect on horizontal gaze, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Medulloblastoma, orbital extension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
Meesman corneal dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 16) 
Meesmann dystrophy, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
Megalophthalmos, anterior, 3–4; 40: 33–34, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 16) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 9) 
Meibomian gland disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
Meibomian gland dysfunction
in bacterial conjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
contact lenses causing, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
Meibomianitis, in cicatricial pemphigoid, treatment, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 27) 
Melanin formation, biochemistry of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Melanoblasts, stromal, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
Melanocytic tumor, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Melanocytosis, oculodermal. See Nevus, of Ota
Melanogenesis, genetics of disorders of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Melanoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
dysplastic nevus syndrome and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 20) 
malignant
ciliochoroidal effusion versus, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 52) 
extramammary Paget’s disease versus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
glaucoma caused by, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 19) 
iris and ciliary body, ultrasound biomicroscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 106) 
of nasopharynx, orbital extension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
orbital, secondary
from conjunctiva, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
retinopathy and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
treatment, surgical, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 70 ) 
of vitreous, ultrasonography, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 3) 
Melanomalytic glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 54E) 
Mellaril. See Thioridazine (Mellaril)
Mellaril, retinal degeneration due to, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 103) 
Memantine
glaucoma incidence and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
retinal ganglion cells and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Membrane formation, conjunctival, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 29) 
Membrane proteins, in lens, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Membrane systems, bioinequivalence and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Membranous cataract, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73) 
Membranous cataracts, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73) 
Memory, color, short-term deficit, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Menicon Plateau lens, for postradial keratotomy fitting, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 54) 
Meningeal artery, middle, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Meningeal carcinomatosis. See Carcinomatosis, meningeal
Meningeal irritation, ocular pain and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
Meninges, optic nerve and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
Meningiomatosis, carcinomatous, orbital extension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
Meningitis
chiasmal inflammation in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
inflammatory, chronic, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
“malignant, ”, (2) 6: 32
optic neuritis in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Meningococcal infection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
immunologic response, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
Menkes’ disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19 ) 
Mental retardation, in tuberous sclerosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
Meperidine, vortex keratopathy and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 17) 
Mepivacaine
Meprobamate, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Mercurials, organic, teratogenicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 39) 
Mercury, exposure to, cataract from, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Mercury compounds, for lice infestation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 66) 
Mercury poisoning, ocular teratogenicity, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 39) 
“Merest sclera” primary closure technique, pterygium excision with, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 35) 
Meretoja syndrome, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
MERG (multifocal electroretinogram), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
Meridian
cylinder axis determination and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
cylinder power versus, graphing of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
power calculation, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Meridional amblyopia, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 10) 
Meridional aniseikonia, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
Meridional balance of eye, cross cylinder use and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Meridional complex, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
with peripheral retinal excavation, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Meridonal complex, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 1) 
Meridonal zonular fibers, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 14) 
Mesectodermal tumors, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
Mesencephalic nucleus, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
Mesencephalic reticular formation, ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Mesenchymal dysgeneses, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 16 ) 
Mesenchymal tumor, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Mesenchymal tumors, lacrimal sac, orbital extension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
Mesenchyme, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3 ) 
definitions relating to, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
early development of paraxial mesoderm and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
lacrimal sac tumors, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
neural crest cell and periocular connective tissue formation and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
as origin of ocular tissue, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
terminal differentiation and morphogenesis and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
Meshing, in diagnosis of uveitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) 
Mesoderm
early development of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
as origin of ocular tissue, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
Mesoridazine, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Metabisulfite slide test, in sickle cell disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Metabolic acidosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
Metabolic disorders. See also specific disorders
carbohydrate. (See Carbohydrate metabolism disorders)
eye movements in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
lipoprotein and lipid, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15 ) 
ocular effects of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19 ) 
primary hyperoxaluria type I, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
storage diseases, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 29 ) 
ocular changes in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Metabolic disorders, cataract from, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73) 
Metabolic myopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
Metabolism
collagen, vitreous structural disorders related to, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
debrisoquin, side effects of -blockers and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 40) 
genetic abnormalities, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 56) See also Metabolic diseases
vitreous structural disorders related to, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Metabolism in lens of eye, in cataracts, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 71) 
Metaherpetic ulcers, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 19) 
Metal deposition, cataract due to, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
Metallic salts, in cornea, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Metalloproteinase inhibitors, in bacterial keratitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
Metastases, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34 ) 
to cavernous sinus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
to choroid
angiography, indocyanine green, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 4A) 
facial nerve involvement by, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
to leptomeninges, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
from posterior uveal melanoma, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 70) 
to vitreous, ultrasonography, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 3) 
Metastatic cancer to eye and adnexa, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34 ) 
location of metastasis in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
metastatic tumors to intraocular structures, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
paraneoplastic syndromes, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
primary malignancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
prognosis for, (5); 34: 6
Metastatic carcinoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Metastatic choriocarcinoma, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Methacholine
pupillary effects, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
tonic pupil testing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
Methacycline, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Methamphetamine, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Methaqualone, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Methazolamide, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 30) See also Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; See also Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
additivity with other ocular hypertensives, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
in hyphema, in sickle cell disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Methemoglobulinemia, from local anesthetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 35) 
Methenamine-silver nitrate stain, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 64) 
Methimazole, for thyroid disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
Methotrexate, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 33) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 41) 
for cranial arteritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
effects in ocular inflammatory disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
effects on immune system, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
immunosuppression using, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) See also Immunosuppressive agents
in ocular inflammation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
in pars planitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 43) 
Methoxamine, effect on catecholamine systems, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
Methylene blue stain, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 23) 
Methylergonovine
Methylmalonic aciduria, with homocystinuria, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
Methyl mercury poisoning, ocular teratogenicity, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 39) 
Methylpentynol, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Methylprednisolone
in atopic dermatitis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 27) 
in cranial arteritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in pars planitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 43) 
in scleritis
with cyclophosphamide, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 23) 
in traumatic optic neuropathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol, Solu-Medrol)
in thyroid ophthalmopathy, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
Methysergide (Sansert)
for cluster headache, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
in migraine prophylaxis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Metoclopramide
intraoperative dosage and administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
postoperative administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Metoprolol
Metrizamide, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Metronidazole
for chronic bacterial conjunctivitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
for orbital cellulitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
Metubine iodide, ocular toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Mevalonic aciduria, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
MG. See Myasthenia gravis (MG)
MGJWP. See Marcus Gunn (jaw-winking) ptosis
MH. See Malignant hyperthermia (MH)
MHA-TP (microhemagglutination test for syphilis), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 70) 
MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Microbial antigens, immunologic detection tests of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Microbial component detection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
limulus lysate assay, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Microbioallergic disease, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) 
Microbiological media, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 1) See also Culture Media, specific type
Microbiologic diagnosis, ocular infections, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
antimicrobial susceptibility testing, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
electron microscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
fluorescence microscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
fluorescein-conjugated stains, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
rhodamine-auramine, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
microbial component detection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
limulus lysate assay, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
specimen collection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Microcephaly
in congenital toxoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 46) 
Microcephaly, syndromes associated with, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Microcirculation, autoregulation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Micrococci, endophthalmitis from, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 55) 
Micrococcus luteus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 49) 
Microcoria, congenital, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
Microcystic epithelial dystrophy
Microcysts, epithelial
contact lens-associated, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
Microdacryocystography, intubation, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) 
Microdrift of eye, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Microemboli, retinal, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in carotid artery disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
in fibromuscular dysplasia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Microfibrils, zonular. See Zonular apparatus
Microfilaria, in onchocerciasis. See Onchocerciasis, microfilariae
Micrognathia, in Hurler-Scheie syndrome, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
Microhemagglutination test for syphilis (MHA-TP), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 70) 
Microkeratome, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 46) 
cataract surgery in pediatric patient and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 100) 
in Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
with orbital cyst, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
Microkeratome technology, for lamellar keratoplasty, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 26) 
Microsatellites, in molecular biology, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Microscope
biomicroscope. (See Slit lamp)
operating
light-induced retinal lesions following IOL implantation, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68) 
maculopathy associated with, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 37) 
positioning of, 2, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
Microscopic agglutination test, for leptospirosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 70) 
Microscopy. See also Electron microscopy; Light microscopy; Ultrasound biomicroscopy
in infection diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 47) See also specific infections
Microslide culture, for fungal identification, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 54) 
Microsomia
facial, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 110) See also Craniofacial anomalies
Microspheres, radioactive, in blood flow determination, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Microsurgery, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) See also Surgery
cataract, small-incision, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 2) 
clear corneal incision, complications of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
clinical examples, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
eye preparation, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
foot pedal positioning for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
fornix-based conjunctival flap dissection, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
grasping tissue, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
hand positioning and support in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
holding instruments, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
instrument technique, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
iris tissue management, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
lamellar corneoscleral incision dissection, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
microscope positioning for, 2, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
phacoemulsification, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
principles and basic techniques, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3 ) 
surgeon’s positioning and posture, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
suturing
viscoelastic materials, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
vitreous
foreign body removal, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 66 ) 
secondary repair after trauma treatment, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 66) 
Microtremor of eye, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
superior oblique myokymia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Microvascular abnormalities
intraretinal, in diabetic retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
Microvasculopathy
conjunctival, in HIV infection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
retinal, in HIV infection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
Microvitreoretinal (MVR) blade, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
Microwave cataract, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
Midazolam, preoperative administration of, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Midbrain lesions, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Midbrain syndrome, dorsal. See Parinaud’s dorsal midbrain syndrome
Middlebrook-Cohn culture media, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Middle meningeal artery, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Midline destructive disease, idiopathic, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Midline malignant reticulosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Midodrine, in orthostatic hypotension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
MIF (migration inhibition factor), (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 34) 
Migraine, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16)  (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 42 ) 
in arteriovenous malformations, occipital, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
arteriovenous malformation versus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
cluster headache and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
disc infarctions in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
dizziness/vertigo and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
electroencephalography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
familial hemiplegic, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
hallucinations associated with, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
pediatric, 45
with prolonged aura and migrainous infarctions, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16 ) 
prophylactic treatment, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
retinal arterial occlusions and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
stroke related to, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
termination phase, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
unilateral pupil dilation in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
visual hallucinations in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Migrainous hallucinations, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Mikulicz syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) See also Lymphoepithelial lesions, benign
Military activities, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Millard-Gubler syndrome, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 37) 
Miller Fisher syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
Miller syndrome. See Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Milles’ syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
Mineralocorticoids. See Corticosteroids
Minimal facial fissure, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Minimum angle of detection (MAD), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Minimum angle of resolution (MAR), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Minimum border contrast matching, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
Minocycline
in blepharitis, in meibomian gland dysfunction, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 22) 
in chemical injuries, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 28) 
Miochol. See Acetylcholine
Miochol E. See Acetylcholine
Miosis, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
Argyll Robertson pupil, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
in Horner’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
intraoperative
during diabetic vitrectomy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 57) 
inhibition, NSAIDs in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
muscarinic agonists in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
during scleral buckling, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 59) 
trauma to iris and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 61) 
Miosis, intraoperative inhibition of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Miostat. See Carbachol
Miotics, intraocular pressure and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Mires, keratometric, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 54) 
Misalignment tolerance, for macular versus extramacular binocular vision, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Misdirected aqueous. See Malignant glaucoma
Mitochondria
abnormalities of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
in apoptosis signaling, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
of extraocular muscles, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Mitochondrial cytopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
Mitochondrial DNA, defects in, diseases caused by, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 51) 
Mitochondrial genome, maternal inheritance of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Mitochondrial pigmentary retinopathies, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
Mitomycin
pterygium management and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 35) 
risk of bleb-related infection and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 55) 
Mitral valve prolapse, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 22) 
retinal arterial occlusions and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 55) 
Mitral valve prolapse, ocular abnormalities, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 22) 
Mixed leukocyte reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Mixed lymphocyte reactions, of class II HLA antigens, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Mixed tumor
MK-801, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
retinal ganglion cells and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
MK-927, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 30) See also Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
MLF. See Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
MN reading cards, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 51) 
Modified monovision, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 55) 
Modulation transfer function (MTF), (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
diffraction limited, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
retinal image blur and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
Moirefringes, in measuring visual acuity, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 66) 
Moisture, oral medications and, bioinequivalence and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
Molecular biology, of retina, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Molecular diagnosis, ocular infectious disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
anterior segment, external disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
application to clinical problems, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
ocular toxoplasmosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
variants of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
multiplex polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
nested polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
universal primer polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
traditional detection techniques, polymerase chain reaction, compared, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Whipple’s disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 64) See also Genetics
basis of ophthalmic diseases, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
clinical applications, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
DNA sequence determination and analysis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
Epstein-Barr virus life cycle, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 91) 
functional cloning, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
hereditary macular dystrophies, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 60) 
herpes simplex virus latency and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 89) 
microbiology laboratory and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 47) 
mutations and. (See Mutation)
positional cloning and linkage analysis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
in prenatal diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
recombinant DNA technology, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
restriction enzymes and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
restriction fragment length polymorphism, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
retinal disease and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A ) 
with known molecular defect, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
retinoblastoma oncogene and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 21) 
single-strand gel electrophoresis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
treatment applications, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
variable number of tandem repeats, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
viral infections and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 88) 
visual function testing and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
zonular apparatus and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 14) 
Molecular genetic studies, retinitis pigmentosa and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 24) 
Molecular genetic testing, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Molecular HLA typing, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Molecular mimicry
herpes simplex ocular disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 89) 
HLA disease association and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Mollicutes, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59 ) 
historical perspective, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
natural habitats and pathogenicity, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
taxonomy and nomenclature, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Molteno seton, in glaucoma treatment, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
Molteno shunt, 2–4, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 17) 
surgical technique, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 17) 
MOMP. See Major outer membrane protein
Mongolism. See Down’s syndrome
Moniliasis. See Candidiasis
Monilia sitophila, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 54) 
Monoclonal antibodies, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 33) 
in comparative anatomic studies, of visual cortex, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
fluorescein-conjugated, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Monoclonal gammopathy, in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Monocular blindness, transient, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Monocular fixation, in amblyopia, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 10) 
Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
Monocular temporal crescent, field defect with sparing of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Monocular vision, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Monofocal intraocular lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
Mononuclear phagocytes, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
Mononucleosis, infectious. See Infectious mononucleosis
Mooney Closure Faces Test, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Moraxella
Moraxella catarrhalis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
Moraxella lacunata, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
angular blepharoconjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
Morgagnian cataract, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 15) 
Morgagnian globules, cortical cataracts and. See Cataract, morgagnian
Morgan Therapeutic Lens, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 28) 
Morning glory syndrome, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 53) 
Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Morphine
intraoperative, dosage and administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Morphogenesis, early, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 2 ) 
Mortality risk, vision versus, ethical considerations on, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 68) 
Mosaic crocodile shagreen. See Crocodile shagreen
Motility
extraocular, drugs affecting, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
ocular. (See Movement(s), of eye)
Motility, disordered, symptoms of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
Motion sensitivity, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Motorcycling, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Motor fibers, to extraocular muscles, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
Motor sports, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Mountaineering, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Mouse
retinal degeneration model, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Movement(s)
of eye, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) See also Oculomotor system
brain stem control centers, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
in Brown syndrome, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
in cerebellar disorders, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
cerebral and basal ganglionic control, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
characteristics of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
in comatose patients, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
in cranial nerve palsies, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 19 ) 
dextrocycloversion, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
in dizzy patient, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
smooth pursuit and VOR cancellation, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
vestibulo-ocular reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
in Duane retraction syndrome, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
excyclovergence, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
extraocular muscles, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 1) 
fast. (See Movement(s), of eye, saccadic)
in fibrosis syndromes, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
functional classes, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
in Huntington disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
incyclovergence, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
independent control, bilateral, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
in infants, examination, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
infranuclear disorders of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12 ) 
internal monitor of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
levocycloversion, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
in Mobius syndrome, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
in myasthenia-like syndromes, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
in myokymia, superior oblique, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
in myotonic dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
nystagmus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) See also Nystagmus
in ophthalmoplegias, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
optokinetic reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
in progressive external ophthalmoplegia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
in pseudotumor cerebri, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
range and character of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
reading impairment related to, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
recording techniques, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
contact lens method, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
corneal reflection, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
electromagnetic search coil, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
electromyography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
electro-oculography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
mechanical transducers, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
photoelectric oculography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
restricted, saccadic velocity measurement, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
square-wave jerks/oscillations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
supranuclear control, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4 ) 
supranuclear disorders, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10 ) 
symptoms of disorders, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
in Tay-Sachs disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
in thyroid orbitopathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
in thyrotoxicosis ophthalmoplegia, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
torsional
brain stem connections, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
lesions affecting, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
trauma affecting, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
vertical
brain stem connections, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
dissociated deviations, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 18 ) 
lesions affecting, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
sustained deviations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visually elicited, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
visual-vestibuloocular response, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
yoked control
independent, bilateral, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
unilateral and bilateral, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
of task, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MS. See Multiple sclerosis
MTF. See Modulation transfer function (MTF)
Mucinous eccrine carcinoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Mucin secretion regulation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
Mucocutaneous junction, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 79) 
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. See Carcinoma(s), mucoepidermoid
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, lacrimal gland, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Mucolipiudoses, central corneal opacification, hepatomegaly, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Mucopolysaccharidoses, central corneal opacification, hepatomegaly, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Mucopolysaccharidosis I, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54A) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) 
characteristics of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 9) 
clinical features of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
conjunctival biopsy in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
corneal opacities caused by, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 9) 
differential features of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
pigmentary retinopathy in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
type I-H. (See Hurler syndrome)
type I H-S. (See Hurler-Scheie syndrome)
type II. (See Hunter syndrome)
type III. (See Sanfilippo syndrome)
type I-S. (See Scheie syndrome)
type IV. (See Murquio syndrome)
type VI. (See Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)
type VII. (See Sly syndrome)
Mucormycosis, orbital, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
Mucosal graft, in chemical injuries, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 28) 
Mucosal immunity, contact lenses and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 52) 
Mucous membrane-associated tissue (MALT), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 26) 
Mucous membranes
disorders of. (See Skin disorders)
grafting, anopthalmic socket and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 83) 
in conjunctival tumors, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 10) 
Mucus. See also Mucin
conjunctival formation, contact lenses and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 28) 
in cytologic examination, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
diseases associated with reduction in, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 29) 
in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 4–5, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 9) 
Mucus plaques, in herpes zoster keratouveitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 39) 
Mueller-Hinton agar, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Muir-Torre syndrome, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Multiflex-style intraocular lens, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 26) 
Multifocal electroretinogram (mERG), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
Multifocal electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Multifocal intraocular lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A ) 
clinical studies of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
comparison of, with monofocal intraocular lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
with concurrent eye disease, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
contrast sensitivity and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
diffractive bifocal, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
diffractive versus refractive comparisons, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
laboratory studies of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
spectacle wear and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
Multifocal lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 44 ) 
Fresnel membranes, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 52) 
intraocular. (See Multifocal intraocular lenses)
Multifocal visual evoked potentials, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Multinucleated cells, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Multipel sclerosis, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 21) 
type II, cornea in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 57) 
ancillary testing in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) 
clinical characteristics of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) 
differential diagnosis of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) 
fluorescein angiography of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113E) 
indocyanine green angiography of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 110A) 
laboratory findings in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) 
pathophysiology of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 49) 
Multiple hamartoma syndrome, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Multiple sclerosis, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Multisystem diseases
M units, for letter size, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 51) 
Muramidase. See Lysozyme
Muscae volitantes. See Floaters, vitreous
Muscarinic agents, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26 ) 
direct-acting agonists, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26 ) 
indirect-acting agonists, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26 ) 
pupillary effects, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Muscarinic receptors, 3–4, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Muscle contraction headache, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Muscle(s). See also See also Eye movement(s); specific muscles; Specific muscles
antagonistic, Sherrington’s law of reciprocity for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
balance of, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
ciliary. (See Ciliary muscle)
extraocular, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 1)  (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) See also Oblique muscles; Rectus muscles; See Extraocular muscles
chemodenervation of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 89) See also Chemodenervation, of extraocular muscles
classic congenital fibrosis of, genetics of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
disinserted, saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
in herpes zoster ophthalmicus, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 20) 
infranuclear disorders of eye movement and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) See also specific disorders
palsies of
saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
slipped, after reoperation, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 98) 
surgery on, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 83) See also Surgery, of muscles
trauma to, needle-delivered anesthesia, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
masseter, rigidity and spasm of, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
neurogenic weakness of, with ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
oblique. (See Oblique muscles)
ocular, proprioception from, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
rectus. (See Rectus muscles)
Muscle spindles, extraocular muscles, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Muscle transfer procedures, in sixth nerve palsy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 84) 
Muscular arteries, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Mustarde cheek rotation flap, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 88) 
Mustarde procedure, in telecanthus correction, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 110) 
Mutation, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 51) 
and ocular infections, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 65) 
and ophthalmic disease, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
opsin
in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
in retinal disease other than autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Mutations. See also Chromosome abnormalities
Mutton-fat keratic precipitates
in granulomatous uveitis, 2, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 4) 
Myambutol. See Ethambutol
Myasthenia gravis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Myasthenia gravis in childhood, 49–50
Myasthenia-like syndromes, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Mycobacteria, atypical, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
ocular involvement, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28A) 
Mycobacterial diseases, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) See also specific diseases in AIDS
Mycobacterium africanum, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
Mycobacterium flavescens, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium gastri, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium gordonae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium kansasii, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium marinum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium simiae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium smegmatis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium szulgai, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium terrae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium trivale, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium ulcerans, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycobacterium xenopi, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 56) 
Mycophenolate mofetil, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 33) 
Mycoplasma buccale, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma faucium, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma fermentans, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma genitalium, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma hominis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma-like organisms, 2, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma lipophilum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma penetrans, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma primatum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma salvarium, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycoplasma spermatophilum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 59) 
Mycosis fungoides, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
Mycotic infections. See Fungus disease
Mydriacyl. See Tropicamide
Mydriasis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 31) 
alpha-agonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
corticosteroids and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
muscarinic agonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
muscarinic antagonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
in pediatric cataract surgery, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 100) 
transient, migraine and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
trauma to iris and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 61) 
Mydriasis test, in angle-closure glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
Mydriatic eye drops, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 39) 
Mydriatics
ocular toxicity of, 5, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
topical, pediatric dosage and administration of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
in uveitic glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 54D) 
Mydrilate. See Cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Cyclogyl, Mydrilate)
Myectomy, inferior oblique, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 87) 
Myelination. See also Demyelinative disease
aberrant, retinal nerve fiber layer and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
retinal nerve fibers, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
Myeloma, multiple. See Multiple myeloma
Myocardial infarction, retinal arterial occlusions and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
MYOC gene, glaucoma and, 3–6, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 50) 
Myocilin, in open-angle glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 50) 
Myoclonus
in cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Myocutaneous flaps. See also Flaps
semicircle, lid coloboma and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 110) 
Myoepithelial cells, of lacrimal gland, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Myogenic theory of autoregulation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Myoneural junction, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Myopathy
familial mitochondrial, cataract in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
thyroid-related. (See Graves’ disease)
Myopexy, retroequatorial, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 91) See also Fadenoperation
Myopia, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36 ) 
in anisometropia, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
optical correction of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
and automated perimetry, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
axial, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 47) 
image size of object at far point and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
retinal image size after spectacle correction and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33 ) 
bifocal spectacles for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
binocular relationships, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
cataract surgery in, vitreous changes associated with, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
in choroidal atrophy, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 66) 
chromatic blur and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
contact lenses in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
environment vs. genetics in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
epikeratoplasty in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 45) 
esotropia with, progressive, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 13) 
field defects in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
in Marfan’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
muscarinic antagonists in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
in Pierre Robin syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
in pigment epithelial dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
progressive, Fresnel lenses for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 52) 
refractive, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
retinal image size after spectacle correction and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
refractive surgery for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 42) 
surgery for, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 66) See also Radial keratotomy
transient, drug-induced, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
visual acuity as function of refractive error, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
vitreous changes associated with, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
in Weill-Marchesani syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
Myopia, vitreal changes associated with, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
cataract surgery in myopia, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
myopia effects on retina, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
myopia effects on vitreous, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Myopic keratomileusis. See Keratomileusis
Myopic retinopathy, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
Myositis
inflammatory pseudotumor and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
Myotendinous endings, extraocular muscles, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Myotomy, inferior oblique, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 87) 
MZM. See Methazolamide

 Back to Top

Subject Index N
Nadbath-Rehman block, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
Nadolol, for migraine, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Nadolol (Corgard), pharmacology of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 32) 
Naegeli type of incontinentia pigmenti, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 27) 
NAIRS (National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Na, K-ATPase, lens and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Nalidixic acid, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nalorphine, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Naloxone, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Naming, in diagnosis of uveitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) 
Nanophthalmos, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53)  (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 40) 
argon laser gonioplasty for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 19) 
choroidal effusion in, surgery for, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
laser cyclodestructive surgery in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
uveal effusion syndromes in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 52) 
Naphazoline
effect on catecholamine systems, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on conjunctiva, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
Naproxen. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Naproxen sodium
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Naratriptan, for migraine, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Narcotics, pupillary effects, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Narrow-band transmitters, color mixing and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
Narrow-spectrum units, antibiotic resistance and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 65) 
Nasal examination, orbital disease and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Nasal fundus ectasia, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
Nasal sinuses. See Paranasal sinuses
Nasal step, in glaucoma, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
Nasal step defects, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
Nasolacrimal canal, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Nasolacrimal clefts, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
Nasolacrimal drainage apparatus
craniofacial anomalies and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
surgical management, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
Nasolacrimal duct, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) See also Lacrimal apparatus
in craniofacial syndromes, surgery on, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79) (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 110) 
in midface trauma, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79) 
obstruction of. (See also Dacryostenosis)
intranasal disorders and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) 
primary acquired, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) 
radiation-related, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 13) 
Silastic intubation, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79 ) 
dacryocystorhinostomy combined with, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79) 
insertion techniques for, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79) 
postoperative management of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 79) 
in Wegener’s granulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Nasolacrimal duct, atresia of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Nasolacrimal reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
Nasopharynx, tumors of
optic nerve involvement in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
orbital extension of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
parasellar syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Natamycin, for endophthalmitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 55) 
National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
sports and recreational eye injury estimates of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73B) 
National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, eyewear standards of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
National Safety Council, data on sports-related eye injuries, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
National Society to Prevent Blindness (NSPB), sports medicine and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
eye injury data gathering in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 54) 
Nausea
as complication of rectus muscle surgery, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 83) 
postoperative, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Injury Surveillance System, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Nd:YAG laser. See also Laser(s)
capsulotomy, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 99 ) 
for cystoid macular edema, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 55) 
photocoagulation using, mechanism of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 10) 
posterior capsulotomy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 10) 
complications of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 10) 
for pupillary membranes, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
in vitreolysis, in sickle cell retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
NE. See Norepinephrine
Nearsightedness. See Myopia
Nebel flick phosphene, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 20) 
Necrobiotic granuloma, palisading, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
Necrosis
anterior segment, after retinal reattachment, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
retinal, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) See also Retinal necrosis syndrome, acute (ARN)
acute, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 89) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
color Doppler imaging, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 102) 
herpes zoster ophthalmicus and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 94) 
progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome versus, (2) 82: 7
stromal, herpes simplex keratitis and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 19) 
tissue, after lid trauma repair, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 7) 
Necrotic cells, epidermal, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Necrotizing anterior scleritis, ultrasound biomicroscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 106) 
Necrotizing retinopathy, varicella-zoster virus, in AIDS, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 82) 
Necrotizing scleritis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) 
surgically induced, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 23) 
Nedocromil, for vernal keratoconjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 9) 
Needle aspiration. See Biopsy
Needles and needle holders, suturing techniques and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
Needle-shaped cataract, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 15) 
Negative lens, ophthalmoscopy and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
Neglect and noncompliance, children, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 44) 
Neisseria, conjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
Neisseria catarrhalis. See Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
ulcerative keratitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 18) 
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
acute conjunctivitis due to, treatment, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
culture characteristics and diagnostic tests, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
ocular manifestations, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
Neisseria meningitidis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A : :) 
conjunctivitis, treatment, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
culture characteristics and diagnostic tests, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 50) 
toxicity, in infants and children, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 43) 
NEISS (National Electronic Surveillance System), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
sports and recreational eye injury estimates of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. See Nd: YAG laser
Neonatal conjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 6) 
laboratory tests, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 6) 
medical management, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 6) 
Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum), (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 6) 
Neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 77) 
Neonate. See Newborn
Neonate(s). See Infants, newborn
Neoplasia, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 1) See also Tumor(s)
Neoplasms, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) See Tumors
Neoplastic processes, adult, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 53) 
Neostigmine
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
systemic toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Neostigmine (Prostigmin) test, in myasthenia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Neo-Synephrine. See Phenylephrine
Neovascular glaucoma. See Glaucoma, neovascular
Neovascularization, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 69C) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
choroidal, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
central serous chorioretinopathy versus, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
choroidal rupture and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
dye-enhanced laser treatment for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
laser prophylaxis and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
in macular degeneration, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 4A) 
membrane excision and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 62) 
new treatment modalities for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
occult, ICG angiography in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 110A ) 
in pathologic myopia, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
photocoagulation, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
transpupillary thermotherapy for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
contact lens-associated, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
corneal
fluorescein angiography and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 57) 
in Fuchs’ syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 54D) 
iris. (See Iris, neovascularization ofof)
ischemia and, in retinal vein occlusion, branch, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
in ocular ischemic syndrome, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113C) 
optic disc, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
in ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
in pars planitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 43) 
peripapillary, in histoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 48) 
photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
in retinal vein occlusion, branch, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
photodynamic therapy for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 69C) 
posterior segment, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
preretinal, in sickle cell disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) See also Sickle cell disease
in diabetic retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
florid, vitrectomy and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
pregnancy-induced hypertension and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
toxoplasmosis and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 46) 
treatment of, photocoagulation, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
retinal
in diabetes mellitus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 18) 
in peripheral proliferative retinopathies, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113C) 
vitreous hemorrhage and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
in retinal artery occlusion
in retinal vein occlusion
subfoveal, membrane removal, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 62) 
Nephritis, interstitial, acute, uveitis in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 56) 
Nephronophthisis, disorders associated with, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Nephrophthisis, familial, juvenile, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
Nephrotic cystinosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) See also Cystinosis
contrast sensitivity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
Neptazane. See Methazolamide
Nerve blocks. See Anesthesia, nerve blocks
Nerve fiber bundle defects
localized, in glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
differential diagnosis of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
nasal step defects, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
in optic neuritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in retinal migraine, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
temporal wedge-shaped, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
Nerve fibers
optic nerve, abnormal decusation, in albinism, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Nerve loop of Axenfeld, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 13) 
Nerves. See Innervation; specific nerves
Nerve sheath meningioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Nervous system. See also Central nervous system (CNS)
Lyme disease affecting, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 75) 
Nervus intermedius, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Nested polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Netball, eye injuries from, protective device effectiveness and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
NETS (National Eye Trauma System), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 45) 
Nettleship collaterals, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
Nettleship-falls X-linked OA, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Nettleship-Falls X-linked ocular albinism, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Neural adaptation
entoptic imagery and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 20) 
Neural tube defects, prenatal diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
Neuraminidase deficiency, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
Neurasthenia, myasthenia versus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Neurinoma. See also Schwannoma
oculomotor nerve, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Neuritis
optic. (See Optic neuritis)
perioptic, computed tomography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
Neuroanatomy of eye movements. See Ocular motility, oculomotor neuroanatomy and neurophysiology and
Neurodegenerative syndromes, optic atrophy and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Neuroectodermal tumors in adults, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 20) 
Neurofibromatoses, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
Neurofibromatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 34) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36)  (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 2) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 58) 
acoustic, bilateral, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
cognitive impairment in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
optic nerve meningioma and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
orbital involvement, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
systemic features of, 5, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
Neurofibromatosis 2, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Neurofibrosarcoma. See Peripheral nerve sheath, tumors of
Neurogenic muscle weakness, with ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
Neuroglia. See Glial cells
Neuroimaging. See also Radiology; specific modality
Neurologic diseases. See also specific disease
Neurologic syndromes
angle-closure glaucoma mimicking, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
Neuroma
facial nerve and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
postamputation, orbital, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
Neurometabolic disease, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) See also Metabolic diseases; specific disease
Neuromuscular junctions, ciliary, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 13) 
Neuromuscular relaxants, intraoperative dosage and administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Neuromyotonia, ocular, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Neuron(s)
catecholamine-containing, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
local anesthetic activity and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 35) 
pupilloconstrictor, preganglionic, parasympathetic, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Neurontin, in migraine prophylaxis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Neuro-ophthalmic disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic case history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
afferent visual symptoms, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
motility, disordered, symptoms of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
optic nerve, visual loss arising from, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
postgeniculate structures, visual loss arising from, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
structures anterior to optic nerve, visual loss arising from, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic changes in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
normal pituitary, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic diseases
automated perimetry in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
Epstein-Barr virus and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 91) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic disorders in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Horner’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
myasthenia gravis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, cortical vision loss in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic examination, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) See also Examination, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
contrast sensitivity, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
electrophysiology tests, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
focal electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
multifocal electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
multifocal visual evoked potentials, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
pattern electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
standard (full-field) electroretinography, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visual evoked potentials, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
in orbital disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29 ) 
pediatric, in congenital motor and sensory anomalies, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 13 ) 
photostress test, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
pupillary light response, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
retina, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
parallel visual pathways, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
magnocellular pathway, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
receptive fields, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
retino-cortical visual pathway, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
tests of macular function, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
tests of visual function, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visual cortex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
acuity at reduced illumination, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
motion sensitivity, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
sensory visual pathways, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visual sensory system, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visual fields, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
anatomic considerations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
clinical perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
clinical testing of visual field, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
confrontation methods, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
factitious (functional) fields, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
physiologic considerations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
tangent screen, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
automated static screening perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
automated static threshold perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
automated visual field results and interpretation, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
color comparison, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
computer-assisted kinetic perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
finger mimicking, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
frequency doubling perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Goldman kinetic perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
visually elicited eye movements, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
automated threshold tests, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
deviation and empiric probability maps, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
false-negative responses, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
false-positive responses, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
full-threshold static perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
global visual field indices, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
grayscale (symbols) display, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
reliability indices (catch-trials), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
representation of results (graphic display), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
short wavelength automated perimetry, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Swedish interactive threshold algorithm, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic examination contrast sensitivity, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of gastrointestinal disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
gaze palsies, oculomotor apraxia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
optic nerve, visual pathway disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
viral hepatitis, corneal transplantation, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Wernicke’s encephalopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Neuroparalytic keratitis. See Keratitis, neuroparalytic
Neuropathy
optic, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) 
automated perimetry in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
cat-scratch disease and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 58) 
hereditary, molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55 ) 
ischemic
in diabetes mellitus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 18) 
pupillary light reflex in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
traumatic, corticosteroids for, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
visual evoked potential, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 105) 
optic. (See Optic neuropathy)
Neuropeptides, pupillary effects, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Neurophakomatoses, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) See also Phakomatoses
Neurophysiology
eye movements. (See Ocular motility, oculomotor neuroanatomy and neurophysiology andof)
Neuroprotection
apoptotic signaling and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
retinal ganglion cell regeneration and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Neuroprotection mechanisms, glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Neuroprotective agents, in glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 56) 
Neuroretinitis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) 
cat-scratch disease and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 58) 
diffuse unilateral subacute, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 4) 
fluorescein angiography of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113E) 
syndrome of idiopathic retinal vasculitis with aneurysms and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
Neurosarcoidosis. See Sarcoidosis
Neurosis, ocular, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Neurosyphilis. See Syphilis
Neurotrophins
in glaucoma treatment, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Neutral proteases, in ocular allergy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Neutrophic keratitis, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 9) 
Neutrophilic chemotactic factor, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Nevoxanthoendothelioma. See See Juvenile xanthogranuloma; Xanthogranuloma, juvenile
Nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn, basal cell carcinoma associated with, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 3) 
New Aneseikonia Test, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 47) 
Newborn. See also Infant; Infants, newborn
inclusion conjunctivitis in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 77) 
retinal hemorrhages in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
vitamin K administration in pregnancy and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 41) 
Newcastle disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 85) 
epidemiologic features and determinants, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 43) 
New Model Optec 3500 Vision Testing System, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
Newton theory of light, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Niacin, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Niacinamide, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nialamide, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nicolas-Favre disease. See Lymphogranuloma venereum
Nicotinic agents
direct-acting agonists, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
indirect-acting agonists, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Nicotinic receptors, 3, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Nicotinyl alcohol, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Niemann-Pick cell, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
Nifedipine
in glaucoma therapy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Night blindness. See under Blindness; Nyctalopia; Xerophthalmia
vitamin A deficiency and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
Night vision devices, retinitis pigmentosa and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 24) 
Nigro-collicular inhibition, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Nimodipine
in glaucoma therapy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
neuroprotection of axons and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
Nitrofurantoin, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nitroglycerin
effect on ocular blood flow, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nitrous oxide
dosage and administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
precautions with, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Nizoral. See Ketoconazole
NK (natural killer) cells, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
N-Methyl-D-aspartate, excitotoxicity, in glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Noble-Carr-Siegal, pigment epithelial dystrophy of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Nodal points, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
in ray sketching, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
in retinal image size construction, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
Nodular degeneration, Salzmann, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Nodular episcleritis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 23) 
phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis versus, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 8) 
Nodular fasciitis. See Fasciitis, nodular
Nodular hidradenoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Nodular panniculitis, nonsuppurative, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Nodules
onchocerciasis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 62) 
phlyctenules, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) See also Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis
xanthomatous, in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, ocular abnormalities, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 22) 
Noncolagenous structural proteins, vitreous, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Noncollagenous structural proteins, vitreous and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Noncontact air puff tonometer, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Nondisjunction
Non-hemorrhagic), amyloidosis, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, intraocular, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 23) 
Noninfectious microvasculopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Noninfectious uveitis in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Nonluminous object, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Non-neoplastic childhood diseases, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 53) 
Non-neoplastic-simulating lesions, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 53) 
Non-nutrient agar with overlay, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Nonpenetrating filtration surgery (NPFS), (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 15) 
Nonpigmented epithelium (NPE), ciliary, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 13) 
junction with pigmented epithelium, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 13) 
Non-Sjogren syndromes, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
active-controlled studies, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
allergic conjunctivitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
anti-inflammation, postoperative, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
cataract surgery
cystoid macular edema after, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
inflammatory response to, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
chronic cystoid macular edema, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
concurrent corticosteroid administration, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
cycloOxygenase isoforms, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
dermatologic toxicity, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
hematologic toxicity, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
intraoperative inhibition of miosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
intraoperative miosis, inhibition of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
placebo-controlled studies, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
pulmonary toxicity (anaphylactoid responses), (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
rationale for therapeutic use, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
refractive surgery
pain, photophobia with, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
photophobia associated with, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
systemic administration, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
therapeutic potential, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
topical administration, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
topical application, toxicity after, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
toxicity after oral administration, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 101)  (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) See also specific drugs
compliance with therapy, side effects and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
corticosteroids versus, relative toxicity of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
intraoperative, in miosis inhibition, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
in migraine prophylaxis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
in ocular inflammation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
platelet dysfunction caused by, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 23) 
for postoperative inflammation, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
potential applications, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
systemic
toxicity and pathogenesis of effects, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
therapeutic potential, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
in uveitic glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 54D) 
in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 9) 
Nonstigmatic image, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Nonsuppurative nodular panniculitis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Nontrabecular outflow pathways, direct-acting muscarinic agonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Nonuveitic corneal and conjunctival disease with HLA association, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 38) 
Nonverbal learning disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 42) 
Non-Wilsonian chronic liver disease, with gastrointestinal diseases, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Norepinephrine, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) See also Catecholamine(s)
aqueous humor drainage, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 45) 
atopic dermatitis and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 29) 
effect on catecholamine systems, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on ciliary body, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on intraocular pressure, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on ocular blood flow, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Norfloxacin
for conjunctivitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 39) 
Normal-tension glaucoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 19) 
Norman-Landing disease, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
Norrie disease, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
retinoblastoma versus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 21) 
Norrie disease, genetics of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
North American blastomycosis, lids in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 22) 
North Asian tick typhus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 58) 
North Carolina macular dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 66) 
central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
molecular genetics, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
Nortriptyline
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Nose, tear flow into, blockage of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
NOSPECS classification of thyroid orbitopathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
NPE. See Nonpigmented epithelium
NPFS (nonpenetrating filtration surgery), (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 15) 
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
NSPB. See National Society to Prevent Blindness (NSPB)
Nuclear cataract, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 12) See Cataract, nuclear
Nuclear cataracts, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73) 
Nuclear fibers, aging, lens and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 71A) 
Nuclear inclusions, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Nucleic acid synthesis, chlamydial infections and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 77) 
Nucleoside analogues, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 62) 
Nucleus, lenticular, embryology of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
Nucleus prepositus, ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), lesions involving, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Null cells, in rheumatoid arthritis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 33) 
Nutrition. See Diet; Malnutrition; specific nutritional components
in genetic disease treatment, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
Nyctalopia. See also Xerophthalmia
congenital stationary, genetics of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
in pericentral rod-cone dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
photocoagulation and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
in progressive cone-rod dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
stationary forms of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 24) 
Nystagmus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11)  (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38)  (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
in acoustic neuroma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
blockage syndrome, Faden operation in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 91) 
caused by disturbance of visual fixation mechanism, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
caused by vestibular disturbances, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
chemodenervation in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 89) 
congenital nystagmus, 36–38
congenital ocular motor apraxia, 40–41
convergence-evoked, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
“convergence-retraction, ”, (1) 38: 12
dampening, surgical, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 95) 
decreased vision and, since birth, ERG in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 103) 
“divergence-retraction, ”, (1) 38: 12
Duane retraction syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
dyslexia, 42–44
eccentric gaze-holding mechanism, disturbance of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
foveation “strategy” in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Fresnel prisms and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 52) 
in gastrointestinal disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
gaze-evoked versus gaze-modulated, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
in gliomas of chiasm, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
in Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
head-shaking nystagmus test for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon, 39–40
high-gain instability and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
of infancy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11 ) 
fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
nystagmus blockage syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
integrator leak and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
latent nystagmus, 38
in lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
in monochromatism, rod, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
multiple sclerosis, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
oblique (diagonal), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
ocular flutter/opsoclonus, 41–42
oncocerciasis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 62) 
in optic atrophy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in osteopetrosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
periodic alternating, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 13) 
pathology and possible mechanism of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
periodic alternating nystagmus, 39
per-rotatory, vestibulo-ocular reflex and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
in pigment epithelial dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
postrotatory, vestibulo-ocular reflex and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
“recovery, ”, (2) 11: 19
scheme for interpreting, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
secondary to visual loss, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
slow eye movement (SEM) subsystem defects producing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
spasmus nutans, 41
specialty lenses for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 56) 
stationary forms of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 24) 
surgery for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 95 ) 
in correction of anomalous head posture, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 95) 
sustained end-point, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
toluene intoxication, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
transient idiopathic nystagmus of infancy, 35
unsustained end-point, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
visual fixation mechanism and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
visual-vestibular tone imbalance and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 

 Back to Top

Subject Index O
Obesity, cataract with, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Object displacement, from bifocals, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 44) 
Object/image conjugates, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
in ametropic eyes, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 36) 
Object size, ratio to image size, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
Oblique (diagonal) nystagmus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Oblique muscles
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
dysfunction of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 17 ) 
hypercontraction as, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 17) 
hypocontraction as, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 17) 
proprioception from, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
superior
focal metastases to, simulated sheath syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
in movements of eye, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 2) 
overaction of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 17) 
in dissociated strabismus complex, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 18) 
surgery of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 86) See also Surgery, of superior oblique muscles
surgery of, in dissociated vertical deviations, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 18) 
O’Brien block, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
O’Brien forceps, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 3) 
Obscurations of vision, transient. See Transient obscurations of vision
Obstructions. See Occlusion; specific location
Occipital cortex
functional anatomy, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 34) 
ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Occipito-parietal pathway, disorders of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7 ) 
Occipito-parietal pathway disorders, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Balint’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
cerebral akinetopsia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Occipito-temporal pathway, disorders of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Occipito-temporal pathway disorders, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
alexia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
alexia with agraphia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
assessment of reading, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
attention, reading, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
central dyslexia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
eye movements, reading, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
secondary alexia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
visual loss, reading, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
color processing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
cerebral dyschromatopsia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
color anomia, agnosia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
hemiachromatopsia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
testing achromatopsic patients, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
topographagnosia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
visual agnosia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
associated clinical findings, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
disorders of face perception, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
functional deficit in prosopagnosia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
testing in prosopagnosia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
Occlusion therapy
specialty lenses for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 56) 
Occlusive vascular disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Occult choroidal neovascularization, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 110A) 
Occupational factors, ocular teratogenicity, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 39) 
Occupational ophthalmology, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47 ) 
basic industrial visual program in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
basic principles of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47 ) 
essential duties of eye safety practitioners and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
guidelines for, under Americans with Disabilities Act, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
historical perspective of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
industrial eye problems and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
joint industrial ophthalmology committee and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
ocular injury in workplace and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 56) 
ocular trauma and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
vision screening for worker in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
Ochronosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 9) See Alkaptonuria
OCT (optical coherence tomography), (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 31) 
Octopus perimeter, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) See also Perimetry; (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) See also Automated perimetry
apostilbs and decibels on, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
background illumination, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
peripheral programs, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
short-term fluctuation and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 49) 
threshold determination, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
OCTOSOFT software package, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
Octreotide
in thyroid orbitopathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
Ocucoat. See Viscoelastic materials
Ocular abnormalities in congenital heart disease. See Congenital heart disease, ocular abnormalities in
Ocular albinism. See Albinism, ocular
Ocular allergy, tear mediators in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Ocular challenge testing, in allergic conjunctivitis diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 2) 
Ocular chromosomal disease, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
Ocular circulation, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) See also Blood flow; Vascular system
Ocular coherence tomography, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Ocular damage mechanisms, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
Ocular diseases, chlamydial, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 77 ) 
Ocular dominance columns, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 10) 
Ocular drug toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Ocular dysmetria sign, in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Ocular epithelium, host defenses, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 45) 
Ocular flutter, saccadic intrusions, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Ocular flutter/opsoclonus, 41–42
Ocular functions, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47) 
Ocular fundus
vasoproliferative tumor of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 20) 
Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 48) See also Histoplasmosis
Ocular homeostasis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 1) 
Ocular hypertension, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 55) 
muscarinic antagonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
transient, direct-acting muscarinic agonists and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Ocular hypotension, contralateral, topical -blockers and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 40) 
Ocular infections
immunologic diagnosis of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
agglutination reactions, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Bartonella henselae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Borrelia burgdorferi, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Haemophilus influenzae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
immunodetection of ocular infections, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
microbial antigens, immunologic detection tests of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Neisseria meningitidis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
serologic detection of antibodies, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
circulating antibodies, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
serology of ocular infections, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
solid-phase immunoassays, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Staphylococcus aureus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Streptococcus pneumoniae, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
Treponema pallidum, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40A) 
microbiologic diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
antimicrobial susceptibility testing, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
electron microscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
fluorescence microscopy, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
fluorescein-conjugated stains, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
rhodamine-auramine, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
microbial component detection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
limulus lysate assay, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
specimen collection, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Ocular infections, antimicrobial resistance of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 65) 
Ocular infectious disease, molecular diagnosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
anterior segment and external disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
application to clinical problems, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
ocular toxoplasmosis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
variants of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
multiplex polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
nested polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
universal primer polymerase chain reaction, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
traditional detection techniques, polymerase chain reaction, compared, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Whipple’s disease, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40B) 
Ocular injury. See Trauma
Ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12)  (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
carotid angiography in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
carotid duplex scanning in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
color Doppler imaging, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 102) 
color Doppler imaging in, orbital, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
differential diagnosis of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
electroretinography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113C) 
fluorescein angiography in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
magnetic resonance angiography in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
oculoplethysmography in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
photocoagulation in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 76) 
photopic stress test in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
systemic associations with, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
Ocular lens, in afocal system, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Ocular manifestations of acquired muscle disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28 ) 
in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in infectious disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in inflammatory myopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in malignant hyperthermia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in metabolic myopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in mitochondrial cytopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in muscular dystrophies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in myotonic dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in periodic paralysis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in polymyalgia rheumatica, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in proximal myotonic myopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in secondary myopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
in visceral myopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) 
Ocular media
in histoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 48) 
pathology of, applications of geometric optics in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
refractive index and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Ocular medications, pharmacokinetics of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 23) 
Ocular melanocytosis, congenital, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 20) 
Ocular microsurgery. See Microsurgery
Ocular motility, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) See also Eye movement(s)
adjustment in eye coordination and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
craniofacial anomalies and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
fine structure of muscles and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
changes in extraocular muscle with age and disease and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
differences in tension and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
muscle fiber orientation and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
single and multiple innervation and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
muscle action and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
amplitude of rotation of eye and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
cohesiveness of muscle and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
direction of muscle pull and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
innervation to horizontal muscles and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
innervation to vertical muscles and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
muscle stiffness and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
for positions away from primary position, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
primary and secondary, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
sideslip of muscles over globe and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
stability of muscle planes in orbit and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
oculomotor neuroanatomy and neurophysiology and, (2) 23: 33–47
abducens (VI) nerve and nucleus and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
detailed motoneuron behavior and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
dynamic orbital mechanics and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
interstitial nucleus of Cajal and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
oculomotor (III) nerve and nucleus and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
pontine nuclei and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
saccadic system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
trochlear (IV) nerve and nucleus and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
vestibular system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
pharmacologic responses and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
physiology of strabismus surgical procedures and, (2) 23: 50–57
arc of contact and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
bilateral elevation or depression of muscle insertions and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
effect of antagonist and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
elevation of medial rectus and depression of lateral rectus insertion and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
elevation of muscle insertions and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
how much surgery to do and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
oblique muscle transpositions and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
proprioception and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
psychophysics of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23 ) 
miniature eye movements and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
optokinetic system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
saccadic system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
smooth pursuit system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
vergence system and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
vestibulo-ocular reflex and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
purpose and types of eye movements and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Ocular motor apraxia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Ocular motor apraxia, acquired, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Ocular motor cranial neuropathies, 46–49
Ocular motor periphery, extraocular muscles, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Ocular motor periphery, extraocular muscles and, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Ocular mucosal immunity, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 45) 
Ocular myasthenia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Ocular neuromyotonia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Ocular opportunistic infections, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Ocular position, sense of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
Ocular sensation, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 36) See also Pain
corneal. (See Cornea, sensitivity)
Ocular surface
defenses of, restoration of, in ocular surface reconstruction, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) 
diseases of, stem cell transplantation for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) See also Stem cells, transplantation of
failure of, types of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) 
health of, stable tear film and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) 
normal microbial flora of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
reconstruction of, strategies for, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) 
squamous metaplasia of, 3, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 34) 
Ocular teratology, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 39) See also Congenital abnormalities; Teratology
Ocular tilt reaction, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
skew deviation and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Ocular torticollis, 61–62
Ocular torticollis. See Torticollis, ocular
Ocular trauma, occupational ophthalmology and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 47 ) 
Ocular zonule. See Zonular apparatus
Oculinum. See Botulinum toxin
Oculoauricular dysplasia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 30) See also Goldenhar’s syndrome; (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
Oculocephalic reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 3) 
Oculocephalic vascular anomalies, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
cavernous angiomas of retina, brain, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
racemose hemangiomas of retina, thalamus, midbrain, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
retinocerebellar angiomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 40) 
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome. See Lowe’s oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome, cataract from, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73) 
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 41) 
Oculocutaneous albinism. See Albinism, oculocutaneous
Oculodermal melanocytosis, eyelids in, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 3) 
Oculodermatologic disorders. See Skin disorders
Oculoglandular conjunctivitis, Parinaud, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 4) (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 7) See also Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome
Oculography
infra-red, saccadic velocity measurements in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
Oculogyric auricular reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
Oculogyric crisis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Oculomasticatory myorhythmia, in Whipple disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Oculomotor apraxia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Oculomotor nerve, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 3) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
in carotid aneurysms, intracavernous, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
in communicating artery aneurysm, posterior, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
compression, and pupillary light reflex, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
extramedullary course of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
in herpes zoster, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
nuclear complex of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
palsy, tonic pupil versus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
palsy of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 19)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12)  (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 104) See also Palsy, of cranial nerves
aberrant regeneration pupil in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
ophthalmoplegic migraine in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 16) 
saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
Oculomotor synkinesis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Oculomotor system, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) See also Facial nerve; Movements of eye
anatomic architecture of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
apraxias of. (See Apraxia, oculomotor)
in ataxia-telangiectasia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
behavioral model of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
congenital anomalies of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 13 ) 
control system diagrams of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
corrective eye movements and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
fast eye movements (FEM) and, 2, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
gastrointestinal disorders involving, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
internal monitor of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
micromovements of eye and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
physiologic organization of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
slow eye movements (SEM) and, 2, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
subsystem synergism and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
vergence eye movements (VEM) and, 2, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
version subsystem of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) 
Oculopalatal myoclonus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Oculopharyngeal dystrophy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Oculoplastic surgery, anesthesia, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
Oculoplethysmography, in ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
Oculorenal syndromes, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31 ) 
Odontogenic tumors, orbital involvement in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
Odontoid hypoplasia, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 15) 
Ofloxacin
in bacterial conjunctivitis and keratitis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 39) 
for bacterial keratitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 18) 
in postoperative prophylaxis, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 64) 
6-OHDA. See 6-Hydroxydopamine
Oil paints, color mixing and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
Ointments
bioinequivalence and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
OKT3 monoclonal antibody, retinal effects of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Olfactory nerve, in orbital disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) 
Oligocone trichromacy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 9) 
Oligophrenia, polydystrophic. See Sanfilippo syndrome
Oligosaccharidoses, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) See also Mucolipidoses
Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, hereditary, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
Omnifocal lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 44) 
Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerca volvulus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 79) 
Ondansetron
intraoperative dosage and administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
postoperative administration of, for children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Opacification, vitreous, (non-hemorrhagic), (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Opacities
and automated perimetry, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
cataract. (See Cataract(s))
corneal
central
hepatomegaly and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
from contact lenses, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
in developing world, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 61 ) 
surgical management of, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 106 ) 
corneal. (See Cornea, opacities)
entoptic phenomena and. (See Entoptic imagery)
lens, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) See Cataract
media
in diabetic retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
geometric optics and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
perimetric testing and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 49) 
visual function evaluation behind, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 5) 
in myotonic dystrophy, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 58) 
Open-globe injury, in children, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 81) 
Ophthalmia
sympathetic. (See Sympathetic ophthalmia; Uveitis, sympathetic)
corticosteroids in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
Ophthalmic artery, obstruction of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
Ophthalmic artery aneurysm, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Ophthalmic artery obstruction, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
Ophthalmic clinical research, statistics in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 67) 
Ophthalmic disorders associated with immunodeficiency diseases, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40 ) 
acquired immunodeficiency diseases, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
acute retinal necrosis (ARN), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
adnexal surface infections, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
ataxia-telangiectasia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
chronic granulomatous disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
combined imunodeficiencies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
common variable immunodeficiency, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
complement deficiencies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
graft-versus-host disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
iatrogenic immunosuppression, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
immunodeficiencies associated with other major defects, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 4o) 
infectious choroidopathies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
lymphocyte disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
neuro-ophthalmic disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
noninfectious microvasculopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
ocular drug toxicity, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
ocular opportunistic infection, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 50) 
ocular surface infections, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
ocular toxoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
opportunistic infections in hematologic malignancies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
organ transplantation and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
posterior segment opportunistic infections, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
primary immunodeficiency diseases, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
primary phagocytic dysfunction, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
selective deficiency of immunoglobulin isotypes and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
selective IGA deficiency, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
severe combined immunodeficiency disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
tuberculous choroidopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
X-linked agammaglobulinemia, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Ophthalmic epidemiology. See Epidemiology
Ophthalmic family history, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 51 ) 
Ophthalmic medications pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
glaucoma medications, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
photodynamic therapy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
topical anesthetic, dilating drops, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
topical antibiotics, antivirals, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
topical steroids, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Ophthalmic microbiology laboratory, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 47 ) 
Ophthalmic preservative, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Ophthalmic vein, superior
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
dilation of, dural-cavernous sinus fistula and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
enlargement of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
differential diagnosis of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs)
chondroitin sulfate as, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
clinical uses of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
coating ability of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
cohesion and dispersion, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
commercial preparations of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
Amvisc and Amvisc Plus as, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
Healon, Healon GV and Healon 5 as, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
physical properties of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
rheologic properties of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
complications of use of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
desired properties of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
Ocucoat as, advantages of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
pseudoplasticity of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
rheologic and physical properties of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
sodium hyaluronate as, 4–5, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
surface tension of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 9) 
Ophthalmitis, sympathetic. See Uveitis, sympathetic
Ophthalmodynamometry
in carotid artery disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
in ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
Ophthalmology
occupational. (See Occupational ophthalmology)
Ophthalmopathy, thyroid-associated, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 21) See also Graves’ disease; Thyroid disorders
risk factors for, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 21) 
saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
Werner’s classification of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 21) 
Ophthalmoplegia(s), (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) See also Palsy, of cranial nerves
in Niemann-Pick disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
in osteopetrosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
in pituitary adenoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
pituitary “apoplexy, ”, (2) 6: 13in
progressive external, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
chronic, saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
conditions simulating, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
in progressive supranuclear palsy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
in thyrotoxicosis, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
total, binuclear, acquired, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
vertical supranuclear, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
Ophthalmoplegic neurovisceral lipidosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19) 
Ophthalmoscopes
binocular indirect, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 56) 
resolution test target projection, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 73B) 
Ophthalmoscopy, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63 ) 
accessories of direct ophthalmoscope, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
adaptive optics in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
in angioid streaks, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
arteriolar sclerosis grading, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 13) 
in chorioretinal folds, 2, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
color changes in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7 ) 
gray-white opacification of retina, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
compensation for refractive error, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
digital imaging in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
fundus appearance in, color changes in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7 ) 
fundus localization in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
fundus photography in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
in glaucoma screening, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 54) 
illumination and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
indirect slit-lamp microscopy in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
latitude of beam placement in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
measurement of fundus lesions in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
negative lens in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
optical coherence tomography in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
pathologic correlates in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7 ) 
peripheral fundus in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7 ) 
related imaging techniques in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
in retinal degeneration
in retinal hemorrhage, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
in retinal vein occlusion, central, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 15) 
of retinal vessels, 2–3, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
scanning laser
confocal
optic nerve topography and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 111 ) 
normal versus abnormal, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 111) 
reproducibility of measurements, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 111) 
visual function measures versus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 111) 
ICG angiography and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 110) 
scanning laser opthalmoscope in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 63) 
in Tay-Sachs disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Opioids. See Narcotics
Opium, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
OPL. See Outer plexiform layer
OPMD (oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy), (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 28) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Opportunistic infections, in hematologic malignancies, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Opportunity cost, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 69) 
Opsin, mutation
in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
in retinal disease other than autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 19A) 
Opthalmoscopes, laser, scanning, indocyanine green angiography based on, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 4A) 
Optical aids, retinitis pigmentosa and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 24) 
Optical blur, in amblyopia therapy, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 11) 
Optical coherence therapy, vitreous and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Optical multifocal intraocular lenses, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 11) 
Optical power
afocal systems and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
spherocylinder, calculation of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
surgically induced change, calculation of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
Optical rehabilitation. See Rehabilitation
Optical spectroscopy, lens biochemistry and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Optical system
Optical system of eye, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33 ) 
accommodation and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
depths of field and focus and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33 ) 
historical aspects of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
preoperative evaluation of, pediatric cataract surgery and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 100) 
pupillary aperture, diffraction, and resolving power in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
diffraction limited, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
retinal image blur and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
refractive states and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33 ) 
retinal image size and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33) 
visual discrimination and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 33 ) 
Optical zone, minimum, in lamellar keratoplasty, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 64) 
Optic artery, deep, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
Optic atrophy. See also Atrophy, optic nerve
in acute retinal necrosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28) 
as complication of hyphema, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 61) 
heredodegenerative, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5 ) 
onchocerciasis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 62) 
postoperative, anesthesia-related, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
tuberculous meningitis and, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
Optic chiasm, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 34) See Chiasm
lesions
visual evoked potential in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 105) 
visual field testing in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Optic cup/disc ratio, in normal and glaucomatous eyes, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 51) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
Optic disc, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 1) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
astrocytic hamartoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) 
Bergmeister’s papilla in, persistent, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
blood supply for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
central portion of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 1) 
cofocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 48A) 
distance of, from fovea, 3, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
dysplastic development of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
edema of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) See also Papilledema
in diabetic retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
in pars planitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 43) 
elevation of, anomalous, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
evaluation of, in children, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 10) 
fluorescein angiography of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 31) 
functional anatomy, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 34) 
Handmann anomaly of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Hurler-Scheie syndrome and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) 
imaging techniques for
scanning laser polarimetry as, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 48A) 
inferiorly tilted, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
ischemic infarction of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in ischemic optic neuropathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5 ) 
Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 54B) 
in metabolic storage diseases, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
metastatic cancer to, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
morning glory anomaly, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 53) 
morning glory anomaly of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
neovascularization, in ocular ischemic syndrome, fluorescein angiography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 113C) 
neovascularization of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
in ocular ischemic syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 12) 
photocoagulation for, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
retinopathy of blood dyscrasias and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 18) 
pallor of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in chiasmal syndromes, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
in optic atrophy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
peripapillary staphyloma of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
prepapillary vascular loops in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
in pseudoglaucoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in pseudopapilledema, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in pseudotumor cerebri, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
retinopathy of blood dyscrasias and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 18) 
sclerotic, senile, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
shape of, anomalies in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in sickle cell disease, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
size of, anomalies in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
surface capillaries, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
swelling. (See Disc swelling; Papilledema)
swelling of
chorioretinal folds caused by, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
in pars planitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 43) 
“swollen, ”, (2) 5: 49–50
in tuberous sclerosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 36) 
Opticin, vitreous and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 38) 
Opticlude Orthoptic Eye Patch, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 11) 
Optic nerve, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 1) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16 ) 
atrophies of. (See also Atrophy, optic nerve)
atrophy. (See Atrophy, optic nerve)
axon counts and dimensions of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
axons of
in neuroprotection, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
survival factors derived from, replacement of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
burns affecting, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
in carotid-supraclinoid aneurysm, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
compression of. (See also Optic neuropathy, compressive)
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
congenital defects and anatomical variations, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) 
contusion, complications, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 6) 
in Crouzon’s disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
in cytomegalovirus retinitis, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28A) 
damage
pressure-induced, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 48) 
diffuse infiltrative lesions of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
disc. (See Optic disc)
disc and. (See Optic disc)
disorders of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) See also specific disorder
contrast sensitivity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 35) 
electrophysiologic testing in, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 5) 
field defects and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
in gastrointestinal disorders, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
neuropathy as. (See Optic neuropathy)
orbital disease and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) 
visual loss arising from, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
Duane retraction syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
dysplasia of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 8) 
congenital, Duane retraction syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
extramedullary hematopoiesis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 23) 
fibers of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
abnormal decussation of, in albinism, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
glioma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 42) See also Gliomas, optic pathway
hemangioblastoma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
lamina cribrosa. (See Lamina cribrosa)
lesions, visual evoked potentials and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 105) 
leukemic infiltration of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
meningioma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
in metabolic storage diseases, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
microscopic anatomy and cytology, (2): 3
in mucocele of paranasal sinuses, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
myelinated fibers of, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
neuritis of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) See also Optic neuritis
neuropathy of. (See Optic neuropathy)
in orbital disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) 
papilledema and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
pharmacokinetics and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 23) 
pit, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) 
serous macular detachment secondary to, optical coherence tomography, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 107) 
in plasmacytoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28) 
sarcoidosis affecting, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 16) 
sequelae of nongranulomatous inflammation, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 3) 
surgical complications affecting, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
swelling of, in scleritis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 23) 
in tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
topography, confocal scanning laser, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 111 ) 
in toxoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 46) 
in tuberous sclerosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 58) 
tumors of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
in tumors of paranasal sinuses, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in vascular compressions, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in Wegener’s granulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Optic nerve, structures anterior to, visual loss arising from, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 1) 
Optic nerve fibers, abnormal decussation of, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 38) 
Optic nerve head
pathology of, in glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 57) 
in primary open-angle glaucoma, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 52) 
swelling of, in acute retinal necrosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28) 
Optic nerve injuries, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
Optic nerve in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
multiple sclerosis, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Optic nerve sheath fenestration, in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
Optic neuritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5)  (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
automated perimetry in, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 109) 
clinical features of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
contiguous inflammations and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
corticosteroids in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
corticosteroid therapy for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
immune-mediated, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
infectious agents in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Lyme disease, epidemiology, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 43) 
in mucocele of sphenoid sinus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
onchocerciasis and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 62) 
in pseudotumor of orbit, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
slowly progressive, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in toxoplasmosis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 46) 
and visual evoked potentials, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 105) 
Optic neuropathies in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Optic neuropathy. See Neuropathy, optic; Optic neuritis
in acute retinal necrosis syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 28) 
compressive. (See also Optic nerve, compression of)
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
in thyroid disease, management of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
ethambutol-induced, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
isoniazid-induced, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 58) 
relative afferent pupillary defect in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 15) 
in Sjorgren’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
with systemic lupus erythematosus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
in thyroid disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 21) 
varicella-zoster, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
vasculitis-induced, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
visual symptoms of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 2) 
Opticochiasmatic arachnoiditis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
Optic perineuritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Opticrom. See Cromolyn sodium (Opticrom)
Optics. See also Geometric optics; Images, Physical optics
aberrations in. (See specific aberrations)
Fresnel, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 52) See also Fresnel optics
geometric, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) See also Geometric optics
intraocular lenses. (See under Intraocular lensesof)
of lamellar refractive keratoplasty, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 64 ) 
of multifocal intraocular lenses, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 68A) 
physical. (See Physical optics)
point sources in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) 
reflection, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) See also Reflection
refraction, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) See also Refraction
vergence, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 30) See also Vergence
of videokeratoscopy, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 65 ) 
Optic tract nucleus, ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
OptiPranolol. See Metipranolol
Optociliary anastomoses, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Optokinetic after-after-nystagmus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Optokinetic after-nystagmus, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Optokinetic eye movement, neurophysiology of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Optokinetic eye movements, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Optokinetic reflex, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 9) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
internuclear ophthalmoplegia and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
“inversion” of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 11) 
Optomotor reflexes, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
Ora bay, enclosed, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 26) 
Oral contraceptives. See also Anovulatory agents
Oral mucosal biopsy, in uveitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 37) 
Orbicularis muscle, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Orbicularis oculi muscle, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 75) 
eyelid anatomy and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 72) 
surgical management of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 75) 
Orbiculus ciliaris. See Pars plana
Orbit, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21 ) 
in Albright’s disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
in allergic angiitis and granulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
allergic sino-orbital aspergillosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
angiosarcoma of, Kimura’s disease versus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in Apert’s disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 29) 
in Apert’s syndrome, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 58) 
apex of idiopathic inflammation and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
arterial lesions of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
arteriovenous malformations of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
basal cell carcinoma of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
benign mixed tumor of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
blood vessels of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
anomalies and lesions of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37 ) 
ciliary ganglion and. (See Ciliary ganglion)
clefting disorders of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
clefts, regional classification, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 41) 
in Cogan’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
color Doppler imaging, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 102) 
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) See also Computed tomography (CT), orbital; specific disorders
in connective tissue disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in cranial arteritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
cyst
microphthalmia with, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 40) 
cysts of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 30 ) 
dermoid. (See Orbit, dermoid cysts of)
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
microphthalmos with, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
in dacryoadenitis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
decompressive surgery on
in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
one- and two-wall, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 81) 
selection of surgical approach to, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 81) 
three- and four-wall, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 81) 
dermoid cysts of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 31) 
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
developmental abnormalities, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 2) 
developmental anomalies of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 30) 
dimensions of, 2, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
diseases of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22 ) 
assessment of
computed tomography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
exophthalmometry in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
forced duction test in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
fundus examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
history taking in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
intraocular pressure in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
magnetic resonance imaging in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
nasal examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
orbital examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
orbital ultrasonography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
plain roentgenogram in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) See also Orbit, diseases of, plain roentgenogram in evaluation of
slit-lamp examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
visual evoked response in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
visual examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
visual fields in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
x-ray examination in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
classification of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
decrease in visual acuity and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
extraocular movements in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
globe displacement in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
head position and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
lid malposition and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
plain roentgenogram in evaluation of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23 ) 
basal projection in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Caldwell projection in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
lateral projection in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
optic foramen in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
radiologic changes with orbital pathology in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
radiologic orbital anatomy in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
radiologic principles in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Rhese position in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
standard orbital views in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
Waters projection in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
systemic disorders and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
Valsalva maneuver and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 22) 
epidermoid cholesteatoma and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
exenteration of
retinoblastoma and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 109) 
uveal melanoma and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 70) 
complications of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 70) 
relative indications of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 70) 
facial clefts and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 30) 
fasciitis of, nodular, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in fibrosclerosis, multifocal, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
fibrous histiocytoma of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
fissures of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
superior, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 3) 
inflammatory syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) See also Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
floor of, fractures of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
saccadic velocity in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 21) 
simulated sheath syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
fungus infections of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 34 ) 
gastrointestinal disorders involving, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
giant cell reparative granuloma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
globe of. (See Globe)
granular cell tumor of (myoblastoma), (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
granulomatous inflammation of, systemic disease causing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35 ) 
in Graves’ disease. (See also Graves’ disease, orbital changes in)
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
Graves disease manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
hemangioendothelioma of, malignant, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
hematoma of
histiocytic disorders of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39 ) 
hypertelorism and. (See Hypertelorism)
implants in. (See also Implants, orbital)
inflammation of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) See also specific inflammatory disorder
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
connective tissue disease causing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
granulomatous, systemic disease causing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
nonspecific granulomatous, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
systemic disease and panniculitis causing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
systemic disease and vasculitis causing, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in thyroid disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
Kaposi’s sarcoma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
lacrimal gland of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) See also Lacrimal apparatus; Lacrimal gland; Lacrimal sac
in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
leiomyoma of, vascular, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
lesions of
lymphoepithelial, benign, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
oculomotor palsy in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 12) 
leukemia manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
lipoma and liposarcoma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
local anesthetic effects on, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 35) 
in lupus erythematosus, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
lymph drainage of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
lymphoid hyperplasia of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
lymphoma manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
in lymphomatoid granulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
magnetic resonance imaging, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) See also Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), orbital
mass, localized, and inflammatory pseudotumor of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
medial wall of, fractures of, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
melanoma of, secondary
from conjunctiva, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
from nasopharynx, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
meningioma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) See also Meningioma, orbital
computed tomography of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
metastatic lesions of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 44) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46)  (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 34) 
chemotherapy for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
clinical examination of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
history taking in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
hormonal therapy for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
laboratory tests of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
needle biopsy in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
pathologic techniques in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
radiation therapy for, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
relative incidence of primary tumor types in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
simulated sheath syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
symptoms and signs of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
syndromes of presentation of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
temporal characteristics of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
timing of, know versus occult primary and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
of unknown origin, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 46) 
mucormycosis
muscles of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 21) 
magnetic resonance imaging of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
in mycosis fungoides, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
neural lesions
magnetic resonance imaging, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
neuroanatomy of, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1 ) 
connective tissue planes and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
motor nerves in, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
sensory nerves in, 4, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 1) 
neurofibroma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) See also specific tumors
neuro-ophthalmologic aspects of diseases, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14)  (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 29 ) 
ocular motility and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
osseous lesions
magnetic resonance imaging, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
palisading necrobiotic granuloma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
paragangliomas of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
parasympathetic innervation, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
pediatric disorders of. (See also Proptosis, childhood)
causing eyelid ecchymosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
peripheral nerve sheath tumors of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
plasma cell tumors involving, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
in polymorphic reticulosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
postamputation neuroma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
primitive neuroectodermal tumors of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 41) 
pseudorheumatoid nodules of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
pseudotumor
corticosteroids in, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 31) 
pseudotumor of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) See Pseudotumors, orbital
radiation therapy of, in thyroid orbitopathy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) 
radiology of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 23) See also Radiology, orbital
rapidly expanding masses of, in children, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
rhabdomyosarcoma of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 43) See also Rhabdomyosarcoma
in rheumatoid arthritis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
in Rosai-Dorfman disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 39) 
sarcoidosis manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
sarcoma of
alveolar soft part, proptosis with, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 27) 
secondary tumors of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
in Sjorgren’s syndrome, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Sjorgren syndrome manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
stability of muscle planes, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 23) 
surgery of. (See Surgery, orbital)
sympathetic innervation, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
sympathetic input to. (See Sympathetic pathways, ocular)
systemic disease manifestations
skin diseases and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
in systemic lupus erythematosus, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in systemic xanthogranulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
in temporal arteritis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
thrombophlebitis of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Tolusa-Hunt syndrome of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
trauma to, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14) (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 87) See also Fractures, foreign bodies of, orbital; Orbit
computed tomography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
initial assessment of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 87) 
magnetic resonance imaging in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
simulated sheath syndrome and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
tumors of. (See Tumors, orbital)
ultrasonography of. (See Ultrasonography, orbital)
vascular lesions of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37 ) 
computed tomography in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
magnetic resonance imaging in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 25) 
vascular malformations of
arteriovenous fistula, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
vascular supply, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 32) 
color Doppler imaging, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 102) 
venography of, in inflammations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
venous malformations of, proptosis in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 28) 
venous thrombosis of, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Wegener granulomatosis manifestations of, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
in Wegener’s granulomatosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 35) 
Orbital contents, anatomy of, rotations of eyes, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Orbital fat pad, surgical trauma to, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 20) 
Orbital hemorrhages, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Orbital inflammatory disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) See also Orbit, inflammation of
Orbital lobe of lacrimal gland, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
pleomorphic adenoma involving, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Orbital manifestations with gastrointestinal disease, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 30) 
Orbital neoplasms, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
arterial flow malformations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
epithelioid hemangioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
hemangiopericytoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Kaposi’s sarcoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Kimura’s disease, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
malignant hemangioendothelioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
vascular leiomyoma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Orbital septa. See Septa, orbital
Orbital sulcus, superior, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Orbital surgery, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
anterior inferior orbitotomies, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
percutaneous approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transconjunctival approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
anterior orbital approaches, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
care of surgical specimen, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
choice of orbitotomy approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
computerized image-guided intraoperative navigation, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
deep inferior orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transantral orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
deep medial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
frontoethmoidal orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transcaruncular obitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
deep orbital approaches, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
canthotomy approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
eyelid crease lateral orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
lateral obitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transcoronal lateral orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transcranial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
deep versus anterior orbital approaches, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
hemostasis, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
incisional versus excisional biopsy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
instrumentation, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
intraoperative considerations, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
intraoperative flexibility, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
lateral anterior orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
medial anterior orbitotomies, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
frontoethmoidal medial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
transconjunctival medial orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
preoperative considerations, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
preoperative evaluations, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
history, physical examination, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
orbital imaging, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
superior anterior obitotomies, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
upper eyelid crease approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
vertical-lid-split superior orbitotomy, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
indications, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
surgical spaces, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
Orbital tubercle, Whitnall, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 5) 
Orbital vascular anomalies, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
trauma, vascular defects related to, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 17) 
Orbital vascular hamartomas, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
cavernous hemangioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
infantile capillary hemangioma, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Orbital vascular malformations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
no-flow malformations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
management natural history, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
venous flow malformations, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Orbital venous thrombosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
clinical features, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
differential diagnosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 37) 
Orbit in pregnancy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
orbital hematomas, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
thyroid orbitopathy, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 32) 
Orbitocranial trauma, optic neuropathy and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
Orbitocraniofacial deformities, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Orbitopathy, thyroid, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 36) See also Graves’ disease; Thyroid disorders
Orbitotomy, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 14)  (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 86 ) 
biopsy and, incisional versus excisional, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
combined approaches to, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
surgical approach selection for, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
surgical spaces in, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
Orbitotomy approach, (Volume 5, Chapter 86) 
Organelles
in retinal pigment epithelium, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 1) 
Organic acid metabolism, disorders of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 19 ) 
Organ transplantation, ocular complications of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 40) 
Orientation and mobility skills, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 51) 
Orientation specificity, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 24) 
Ornithine, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 25) See also Hyperornithinemia
Ornithine aminotransferase deficiency, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 66) 
Orofacial-cervical dystonia (Meige syndrome), (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 36) (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 37) 
Orthokeratosis, in ichthyosis, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 7) 
Orthokeratotomy, specialty lenses for, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 56) 
Orthomyxoviridae, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 7) 
Orthophoria, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 6) 
fusional convergence amplitudes in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
fusional divergence amplitudes in, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
Orthoptics
fusional convergence and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
fusional divergence and, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 7) 
Orthostatic hypotension, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 18) 
Oscillatory potentials, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 14) 
in diabetic retinopathy, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 30) 
Osmoglyn. See Glycerol
Osmotic effects, contact lens, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 27) 
Osmotic pressure, vitreous, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 16) 
Osmotics
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 38) 
systemic, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
systemic toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
topical ophthalmic, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Osmotic(s)
intraocular pressure and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 7) 
topical, bioinequivalence and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 22) 
Osseous system. See Skeletal disorders
Osteitis deformans. See Paget’s disease
Osteogenic sarcoma, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 17) 
Osteo-onychodysplasia, hereditary, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Otitis media
in bacterial conjunctivitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 5) 
conjunctivitis and, treatment, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 36) 
facial nerve and, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 8) 
Otolith apparatus, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 4) 
imbalance of inputs in, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 10) 
Otolithic inputs, imbalance of, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 38) 
Ouabain, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Outer plexiform layer (OPL)
Outer retinal ischemic infarction syndrome, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
Outflow pathways, anatomy of ciliary body and, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 43 ) 
OVDs. See Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs)
Overcorrection
as complication of rectus muscle surgery, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 83) 
ptosis surgery and, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 78) 
Overfiltration
Overhanging blebs, glaucoma surgery and, (Clinical Volume 6, Chapter 15) 
Ovulatory agents, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Oxacillin, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 26) 
in bacterial keratitis, (Clinical Volume 4, Chapter 26) 
systemic toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Oxalosis, infantile, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 31) 
Oxidase test, in bacteria identification, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 40) 
Oxidation
Oxprenolol
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Oxygen
corneal consumption of, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 4) 
exposure to, cataract risk with, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 72C) 
inhalation, effects on retinal blood flow, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
in photodynamic therapy, (Clinical Volume 1, Chapter 69C) 
saturation, retinal, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 5) 
transmissibility, contact lenses and, (Foundations Volume 2, Chapter 52) 
Oxygen therapy
for radionecrosis, (Clinical Volume 2, Chapter 6) 
for retinal artery occlusion, central, (Clinical Volume 3, Chapter 14) 
for tissue necrosis, after lid trauma repair, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 75) 
Oxymetazoline
catecholamine systems and, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on conjunctiva, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
effect on intraocular pressure, (Foundations Volume 3, Chapter 29) 
Oxymorphone, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Oxyphenbutazone. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Oxyphenbutazone, ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 
Oxytalan fibers, zonular, (Foundations Volume 1, Chapter 14) 
Oxytetracycline
ocular toxicity of, (Clinical Volume 5, Chapter 37) 

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